The error "pyppeteer.errors.NetworkError: Protocol error (Page.navigate): Session closed. Most likely the page has been closed." typically occurs when using Pyppeteer, a Python library that provides a high-level API to control headless Chrome or Chromium over the DevTools Protocol. This error signifies that you are trying to navigate to a new URL on a page or context that's already been closed. Here are some possible reasons and solutions: 1. Page Closed: The page instance you're working with might have been closed before or during the navigation request. Ensure that you don't close the page before or while navigating to a new URL. ```python # Example of incorrect usage await page.close() await page.goto('https://new-url.com') # This will raise the error # Correct usage would be: await page.goto('https://new-url.com') # Perform actions... await page.close() ``` 2. Navigation after Page Failure: If the page encountered an error or crashed, it may not accept further navigations. You can catch such errors and handle them accordingly. 3. Context Lost: If your browser context is terminated for any reason, pages within that context won't be able to navigate. Make sure your context is alive throughout the operation. 4. Race Conditions: If multiple operations are running concurrently without proper synchronization, it could lead to unexpected page closures. Use `asyncio` methods like `asyncio.gather()` or `await` each operation sequentially if necessary. 5. Browser or Process Crash: Sometimes, the underlying browser process may crash due to various reasons (like out of memory). In this case, relaunching the browser might solve the issue. To debug and resolve, you should ensure that your script handles page and context lifecycles correctly, and that no part of your code is prematurely closing resources. [2024-01-15 14:11:51 | AI写代码神器 | 389点数解答]